🖥️ Fundamentals of Computers
complete notes + 100 exam-oriented MCQs
Based on "कंप्यूटर अनुदेशक | Fundamental of Computer | Top 100 PYQs" — covers generations, AI, hardware, memory, supercomputers, OS and essential concepts. Now with 100 practice questions & interactive answers.
⚙️ Core Components
- ALU, Control Unit, Memory, I/O
- CPU performance: clock speed, cache, word length
- von Neumann architecture: stored program
💡 Control unit directs data flow & interprets instructions.
🕰️ Generations
- 1st: Vacuum tubes (machine lang)
- 2nd: Transistors (FORTRAN/COBOL)
- 3rd: ICs (BASIC, time-sharing)
- 4th: VLSI (microprocessors)
- 5th: AI/ULSI (LISP, Prolog)
🤖 AI & Pioneers
John McCarthy – coined AI, LISP.
Alan Turing – Turing Test.
Charles Babbage – Analytical Engine.
Seymour Cray – supercomputer father.
IBM Watson, Tim Berners-Lee (WWW).
💾 Memory Hierarchy
- Register → Cache → RAM (primary) → Secondary (HDD/SSD)
- RAM = random access, volatile
- Secondary: magnetic/optical (DVD)
🚀 Supercomputers
PARAM 8000 (India's first, 1991, C-DAC Pune). Seymour Cray pioneer. Used in climate, scientific sims.
PARAM Siddhi, PARAM 10000 series.
⏱️ OS & Time Sharing
Time quanta → multitasking. Batch (1st gen) → time-sharing (3rd gen). Interrupts, system calls. MS-DOS, Windows, Linux, macOS.
HDMI: High-Definition Multimedia Interface (audio-video port).
📝 100 Practice MCQs | Fundamentals of Computer
Click on "Show Answer" for each