Internet, IoT, XML & Scripting Languages | Complete Study Guide

Internet, IoT, XML & Scripting Languages

Complete Study Guide for DSSSB · RPSC · GATE · UGC NET · NIELIT · SCI · BCI

DSSSB TGT/PGT Rajasthan Computer Teacher GATE CSE UGC NET NIELIT SCI / BCI

Internet Protocols IoT XML Scripting MCQs

1. Internet

Definition: The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers using the TCP/IP protocol suite. It enables data exchange, web access, email, streaming, and countless online services.

Key Features

Worldwide connectivity
High-speed communication
Resource sharing
Information access
Cloud computing support
24×7 availability

Evolution

1969: ARPANET launched
1983: TCP/IP adopted
1989: World Wide Web proposed by Tim Berners-Lee
1991: Public access to the Web
Present: Cloud computing, IoT, AI-driven services

Internet Architecture

User

⬇

Browser

⬇

ISP

⬇

Internet Backbone

⬇

Web Server

2. Internet Protocols

Key protocols with default ports and OSI layers.

Protocol Architecture & Default Ports

Protocol	Full Name	Default Port	Layer (OSI)	Key Function
HTTP	HyperText Transfer Protocol	80	Application	Unencrypted web page transfer
HTTPS	HTTP Secure	443	Application	Encrypted web transfer via SSL/TLS
FTP	File Transfer Protocol	20 (data), 21 (control)	Application	Transfer files between client and server
SMTP	Simple Mail Transfer Protocol	25 (or 587)	Application	Sending/pushing emails
POP3	Post Office Protocol v3	110 (995 SSL)	Application	Downloading emails (deletes from server by default)
IMAP	Internet Message Access Protocol	143 (993 SSL)	Application	Accessing/syncing emails on server across devices
DNS	Domain Name System	53	Application	Translates domain names to IP addresses
DHCP	Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol	67 (server), 68 (client)	Application	Dynamically assigns IP addresses
Telnet	Teletype Network	23	Application	Unencrypted remote terminal access
SSH	Secure Shell	22	Application	Encrypted remote terminal access

Quick Memory Tricks

Ports in order:
FTP → 20/21 · SSH → 22 · TELNET → 23 · SMTP → 25 · DNS → 53 · HTTP → 80 · POP3 → 110 · IMAP → 143 · HTTPS → 443

Mail Protocols:
SMTP = Send Mail
POP3 / IMAP = Pull / Inspect Mail

3. Internet of Things (IoT)

Definition: A network of physical objects embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity to exchange data without direct human intervention.

Core Architecture Layers

Physical Layer (Sensors / Actuators)

⬇

Network Layer (Wi-Fi, ZigBee, 5G)

⬇

Middleware / Cloud (Data Analytics / Storage)

⬇

Application Layer (Smart Home, Health Dashboard)

4. XML (Extensible Markup Language)

Definition: XML is a markup language designed to store, transport, and exchange structured data. Unlike HTML, XML focuses on data rather than presentation.

Standard XML Structure

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<University>
   <Department name="Computer Science">
      <Faculty id="101">
         <Name>Dr. A. Sharma</Name>
         <Designation>Professor</Designation>
      </Faculty>
   </Department>
</University>

5. Scripting Languages

Definition: A scripting language is an interpreted programming language used to automate tasks or make applications dynamic without requiring separate compilation.

Client-Side vs Server-Side

Parameter	Client-Side	Server-Side
Execution Place	Web Browser	Web Server
Primary Goal	Interactivity, UI validation	Database connectivity, authentication
Examples	JavaScript, ActionScript	PHP, Python, Node.js, Ruby

6. Interactive MCQs

Test your knowledge with 20 exam-style questions. Select an option, then click Check Answer.

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